Manic depression biography

Historical underpinnings of bipolar disorder diagnostic criteria. Behav Sci Basel. National Institute of Mental Health. Bipolar disorder. Emil Kraepelin: A pioneer of scientific understanding of psychiatry and psychopharmacology. Indian J Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. What are bipolar disorders? The emerging neurobiology of bipolar disorder.

Trends Neurosci ; 41 1 By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Bipolar Disorder. Symptoms and Diagnosis. By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse. Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing.

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Manic depression biography: Bipolar disorder is a mental

Learn more. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. His theories dominated psychiatry at the start of the 20th century and, despite the later psychodynamic influence of Sigmund Freud and his disciples, enjoyed a revival at century's end.

While he proclaimed his own high clinical standards of gathering information "by means of expert analysis of individual cases", he also drew on reported observations of officials not trained in psychiatry. His textbooks do not contain detailed case histories of individuals but mosaic-like compilations of typical statements and behaviors from patients with a specific diagnosis.

He has been described as "a scientific manager" and "a political operator", who developed "a large-scale, clinically oriented, epidemiological research programme". He developed racist, psychiatric theories. Kraepelin, whose father, Karl Wilhelm, was a former opera singer, music teacher, and later successful story teller, [ 4 ] was born in in Neustrelitzin the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Germany.

He was first introduced to biology by his brother Karl, 10 years older and, later, the director of the Zoological Museum of Hamburg. Kraepelin would be a disciple of Wundt and had a lifelong interest in experimental psychology based on his theories. Returning to the University of Leipzig in February[ 1 ] he worked in Wilhelm Heinrich Erb 's neurology clinic and in Wundt's psychopharmacology laboratory.

In it, he argued that psychiatry was a branch of medical science and should be investigated by manic depression biography and experimentation like the other natural sciences. He called for research into the physical causes of mental illness, and started to establish the foundations of the modern classification system for mental disorders. Kraepelin proposed that by studying case histories and identifying specific disorders, the progression of mental illness could be predicted, after taking into account individual differences in personality and patient age at the onset of disease.

Inhe became senior physician in the Prussian provincial town of LeubusSilesia Provinceand the following year he was appointed director of the Treatment and Nursing Institute in Dresden. Four manic depressions biography later, on 5 December[ 1 ] he became department head at the University of Heidelbergwhere he remained until Inhe was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Following a large donation from the Jewish German-American banker James Loebwho had at one time been a patient, and promises of support from "patrons of science", the German Institute for Psychiatric Research was founded in in Munich. The German-American Rockefeller family 's Rockefeller Foundation made a large donation enabling the development of a new dedicated building for the institute along Kraepelin's guidelines, which was officially opened in Kraepelin spoke out against the barbarous treatment that was prevalent in the psychiatric asylums of the time, and crusaded against alcohol, capital punishment and the imprisonment rather than treatment of the insane.

For the sedation of agitated patients, Kraepelin recommended potassium bromide. He focused on collecting clinical data and was particularly interested in neuropathology e. He also firmly rejected the assumption of natural difference in relation to homosexuality, which he regarded as a vice caused by masturbation. In he called for "educational discipline" such as those introduced by the Nazi party after severe punishments for the crime of 'corruption' seductionapplicable to any act related to sexual gratification.

This extended the anti-gay policy of the time, which only punished sexual intercourse between men. These ideas eventually went on to lend legitimacy to Nazi policies that persecuted gay people, allowing the Nazi party to do so under the guise of conforming to scientific opinions. His work legitimized the persecution and inhumane treatment of gay people in Nazi Germany.

In the later period of his career, as a convinced champion of social Darwinismhe actively promoted a policy and research agenda in racial hygiene and eugenics. Kraepelin retired from teaching at the age of 66, spending his remaining years establishing the institute. The ninth and final edition of his Textbook was published inshortly after his death.

It comprised four volumes and was ten times larger than the first edition of In the last years of his life, Kraepelin was preoccupied with Buddhist teachings and was planning to visit Buddhist shrines at the time of his death, according to his daughter, Antonie Schmidt-Kraepelin. Kraepelin announced that he had found a new way of looking at mental illness, referring to the traditional view as "symptomatic" and to his view as "clinical".

This turned out to be his paradigm -setting synthesis of the hundreds of mental disorders classified by the 19th century, grouping diseases together based on classification of syndrome —common patterns of symptoms over time—rather than by simple similarity of major symptoms in the manner of his predecessors. Kraepelin described his work in the 5th edition of his textbook as a "decisive step from a symptomatic to a clinical view of insanity.

The importance of external clinical signs has. Thus, all purely symptomatic categories have disappeared from the nosology ". Kraepelin is specifically credited with the classification of what was previously considered to be a unitary concept of psychosisinto two distinct forms known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy :. Drawing on his long-term research, and using the criteria of course, outcome and prognosishe developed the concept of dementia praecoxwhich he defined as the "sub-acute development of a peculiar simple condition of mental weakness occurring at a youthful age".

When he first introduced this concept as a diagnostic entity in the fourth German edition of his Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie init was placed among the degenerative disorders alongside, but separate from, catatonia and dementia paranoides. At that time, the concept corresponded by and large with Ewald Hecker 's hebephrenia. In the sixth edition of the Lehrbuch in all three of these clinical types are treated as different expressions of one disease, dementia praecox.

One of the cardinal principles of his method was the recognition that any given symptom may appear in virtually any one of these disorders; e. What distinguishes each disease symptomatically as opposed to the underlying pathology is not any particular pathognomonic symptom or symptoms, but a specific pattern of symptoms. In the absence of a direct physiological or genetic test or marker for each disease, it is only possible to distinguish them by their specific pattern of symptoms.

Thus, Kraepelin's system is a method for pattern recognition, not grouping by common symptoms. The words " melancholia " an old word for depression and "mania" have their etymologies in Ancient Greek.

Manic depression biography: Bipolar disorder, previously known

A man known as Aretaeus of Cappadocia has the first records of analyzing the symptoms of depression and mania in the 1st century of Greece. There is documentation that explains how bath salts were used to calm those with manic symptoms and also help those who are dealing with depression. It wasn't until the midth century that a French psychiatrist by the name of Jean-Pierre Falret wrote an article describing "circular insanity" and this is believed to be the first recorded diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

Years later, in the early s, Emil Kraepelina German psychiatrist, analyzed the influence of biology on mental disorders, including bipolar disorder. His studies are still used as the basis of classification of mental disorders today. The linguistic origins of mania, however, are not so clear-cut. Several etymologies are proposed by the Roman physician Caelius Aurelianusincluding the Greek word ""ania", meaning to produce great mental anguish, and "manos", meaning relaxed or loose, which would contextually approximate to an excessive relaxing of the mind or soul.

The idea of a relationship between mania and melancholia can be traced back to at least the 2nd century AD. Soranus of Ephesus 98— AD described mania and melancholia as distinct diseases with separate etiologies ; [ 6 ] however, he acknowledged that "many others consider melancholia a form of the disease of mania". The earliest written descriptions of a relationship between mania and melancholia are attributed to Aretaeus of Cappadocia.

Aretaeus was an eclectic medical philosopher who lived in Alexandria somewhere between 30 and AD. A clear understanding of bipolar disorder as a mental illness was recognized by early Chinese authors. The encyclopedist Gao Lian c. These concepts were developed by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin —who, using Kahlbaum 's concept of cyclothymia[ 14 ] categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients.

He coined the term manic depressive psychosisafter noting that periods of acute illness, manic or depressive, were generally punctuated by relatively symptom-free intervals where the patient was able to function normally. The first diagnostic distinction to be made between manic-depression involving psychotic states, and that which does not involve psychosis, came from Carl Jung in In his paper Jung introduced the non-psychotic version of the illness with the introductory statement, "I would like to publish a number of cases whose peculiarity consists in chronic hypomanic behaviour" where "it is not a question of real mania at all but of a hypomanic state which cannot be regarded as psychotic".

After World War IIJohn Cadean Australian psychiatristand Shirley Andrewsan Australian biochemistwere investigating the effects of various compounds on veteran patients with manic depressive psychosis. InCade and Andrews discovered that lithium carbonate could be used as a successful treatment of manic depressive psychosis. In the s, U. By the mids, reports started appearing in the medical literature regarding lithium's effectiveness.

The U. Food and Drug Administration did not approve of lithium's use until The term "manic-depressive reaction " appeared in the first American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic Manual ininfluenced by the legacy of Adolf Meyer who had introduced the paradigm illness as a reaction of biogenetic factors to psychological and social influences.

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Nova Science Publishers. Manic—depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression 2nd. Oxford University Press.

Manic depression biography: The earliest known mention of bipolar

Retrieved April 2, Jamison KR New York: Knopf. Millon T New York: John Wiley and Sons. Robinson DJ Library resources about Bipolar disorder. Resources in your library Resources in other libraries. Bipolar disorder at Wikipedia's sister projects. Classification D. Mental disorders Classification. Adult personality and behavior. Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual anhedonia Sexual anorexia Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder.

Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Fear of intimacy Gender dysphoria Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder. Childhood and learning. X-linked intellectual disability Lujan—Fryns syndrome. Pervasive Specific. Mood affective. Neurological and symptomatic. Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome.

Neuroticstress -related and somatoform. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Depersonalization-derealization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified Other specified dissociative disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures False pregnancy Hypochondriasis Mass psychogenic illness Nosophobia Psychogenic pain Somatization disorder.

Physiological and physical behavior. Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome Other specified feeding or eating disorder. Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis. Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related. Schizophreniaschizotypal and delusional. Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder.

Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized hebephrenic schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia. Symptoms and uncategorized. Mood disorder. Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression Major depressive episode Depression in childhood and adolescence. Schizoaffective disorder.

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Toggle the table of contents. Bipolar disorder. Bipolar affective disorder BPAD[ 1 ] bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic—depressive illness historical[ 2 ] manic—depressive psychosis, circular insanity historical[ 2 ] bipolar disease [ 3 ]. Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.