Pytheas of massilia biography of michael jackson

Stewart, Elizabeth and Theresa Buckland. Dance; music video. Parallel lines: Media representations of dance. Abstract: The role of dance in music video extends across a spectrum. At one end of the spectrum is the dramatic mode, where dance operates prominently s an expressive tool; at the other end is the fragmentary dance mage, nondiegetic, unconnected to the musical producers, and perhaps nly flitting briefly across the scene.

Here the moving body interacts ith video technology to form abstract visual and rhythmic patterning. Tischer, Rolf. Gotteslob im Klang der Zeit: Rolf Schweizer zum Abstract: The process of secularization would seem to be unstoppable in modern society, and yet there is a constant need for religiousness. This is reflected in contemporary pop and rock music.

This is exemplified by a song and video clip by Michael Jackson: In Heal the world, he appears as a messiah. Such phenomena within supposedly superficial pop culture should be taken seriously. Tucker, Mark. Behind the beat: Michael Jackson and Prince. ISAM newsletter. Walls, Richard C. Bruce Springsteen; Michael Jackson: Through time and space with the changeling gods.

Feb Wenzel, Ulrich. Popmusik im Fernsehen. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp, They get a day to Gostream Movies relax and remember the God by leaving everything behind from work to personal issues. Your email address will not be published. Jackson, Michael. New York : Doubleday, c Blockson Collection ML JA3 Number ones [videorecording].

New York : Epic Music Video, c Paley Media Services ML J N x Jefferson, Margo. On Michael Jackson. New York : Pantheon Books, c Paley Stacks ML J J44 Taraborrelli, J. Michael Jackson : the magic and the madness. Secaucus, N. Massalia [now Marseilles, France], b. He seems to have been inspired by the new knowledge of the earth as a sphere, probably through the writings of Eudoxus of Cnidus.

He was close in his measurement of the latitude of his native Massalia. What is pytheas famous for Pytheas of Massalia was a Greek explorer, geographer, and astronomer who lived in Massalia in the 4th century BCE. In his study of Thule, the explorer Richard Francis Burton stated that it had had many definitions over the centuries. Many more authors have written about it than remembered Pytheas.

The question of the location of Pytheas' Thule remains. The latitudes given by the ancient authors can be reconciled. The missing datum required to fix the location is longitude : "Manifestly we cannot rely upon the longitude. Pytheas crossed the waters northward from Berrice, in the north of the British Isles, but whether to starboard, larboard, or straight ahead is not known.

From the time of the Roman Empire all the possibilities were suggested repeatedly by each generation of writers: IcelandShetlandthe Faroe IslandsNorway and later Greenland. A manuscript variant of a name in Pliny has abetted the Iceland theory: Nerigon instead of Berricewhich sounds like Norway. If one sails west from Norway one encounters Iceland.

Burton himself espoused this theory. The standard texts have Berrice presently, as well as Bergos for Vergos in the same list of islands. The Scandiae islands are more of a problem, as they could be Scandinavia, but other islands had that name as well. The fact that Pytheas returned from the vicinity of the Baltic favors Procopius's opinion. The fact that Pytheas lived centuries before the colonization of Iceland and Greenland by European agriculturalists makes them less likely candidates, as he stated that Thule was populated and its soil was tilled.

Concerning the people of Thule Strabo says of Pytheas, but grudgingly: [ 42 ]. As for the grain, he says, — since they have no pure sunshine — they pound it out in large storehouses, after first gathering in the ears thither; for the threshing floors become useless because of this lack of sunshine and because of the rains. What he seems to be describing is an agricultural country that used barns for threshing grain rather than the Mediterranean outside floor of sun-baked mud and manufactured a drink, possibly mead.

After mentioning the crossing navigatio from Berrice to TylePliny made a brief statement that:. A Tyle unius diei navigatione mare concretum a nonnullis Cronium appellatur.

Pytheas of massilia biography of michael jackson: '□ Pytheas (fl. late fourth

Strabo says: [ 18 ] [ 44 ]. Pytheas also spoke of the waters around Thule and of those places where land properly speaking no longer exists, nor sea nor air, but a mixture of these things, like a "marine lung", in which it was said that earth and water and all things are in suspension as if this something was a link between all these elements, on which one can neither walk nor sail.

The latter are mentioned by Aristotle in On the Parts of Animals as being free-floating and insensate. The modern English term for this phenomenon is pancake ice. The association of Pytheas' observations with drift ice has long been standard in navigational literature, including Nathaniel Bowditch's American Practical Navigatorwhich begins Chapter 33, Ice Navigationwith Pytheas.

Strabo said that Pytheas gave an account of "what is beyond the Rhine as far as Scythia", which he, Strabo, thought was false. As to whether he explored it in person, he said that he explored the entire north in person see under Thule above. As the periplus was a sort of ship's log, he probably did reach the Vistula. From here it is a day's sail to the Isle of Abalus, to which, he states, amber is carried in spring by currents, being an excretion consisting of solidified brine.

He adds that the inhabitants of the region use it as fuel instead of wood and sell it to the neighbouring Teutones. His belief is shared by Timaeus, who, [c. Philemon denies the suggestion that amber gives off a flame. The "Guiones" who Pliny places in Germania and not Scythiaare sometimes reinterpreted by modern editors to be Gutoneswho are in turn generally seen as predecessors of the later Goths.

Although it is most often considered to be on the Baltic coast, it has also been argued that Pliny is referring to the North Sea coast, west of present day Denmark. In the passage about the northern Ocean coasts Pliny also mentioned that Xenophon of Lampsacus and Pytheas described a very large island which lay three days' sail from the Scythian coast called Balcia by Xenophon and Basilia by Pytheas.

This raises doubts about the reliability of Pliny's interpretation of older geographers of this region, but it also makes it clear that Pytheas distinguished two large islands. Pytheas claimed to have explored the entire north; however, he turned back at the mouth of the Vistula, the border with Scythia.

Pytheas of massilia biography of michael jackson: The island of Thule was first

If he had gone on he would have discovered the ancestral Balts. They occupied the lands to the east of the Vistula. Later Lithuanians would be "the people of the shore". The Vistula was the traditional limit of Greater Germany. Herodotus said that the Neuri had Scythian customs, but they were at first not considered Scythian. Strabo denied that any knowledge of the shores of the eastern Baltic existed.

He had heard of the Sauromatai, but had no idea where to place them. Herodotus had mentioned these Sauromatai as a distinct people living near the Neuri. Pliny the Elderhowever, was much better informed. The island of Baunonia Bornholmhe said lies a days' sail off Scythia, where amber is collected. In contrast to Strabo, he knew that the Goths live around the Vistula, but these were definitely Germans.

By the time of Tacitus, the Aestii had emerged. Evidently the Sarmatians conquered westward to the Vistula. The Goths moved to the south. That the Balts lived east of the Vistula from pytheas of massilia biography of michael jackson prehistoric times is unquestioned. The Baltic languages, however, are only known from the 2nd millennium AD. They are known to have developed in tribal contexts, as they were originally tribal.

The first mention of any tribes is in Ptolemy's description of European Sarmatia, where the main Prussian tribes are mentioned for the first time. In Tacitus, only the language of the Aestii is mentioned. Strabo distinguished the Venediwho were likely Slavs. From these few references, which are the only surviving evidence apart from glottochronology [ 62 ] and place name analysis, it would seem that the Balts of Pytheas' time were well past the Common Balto-Slavic stage, and likely spoke a number of related dialects.

By turning back at what he thought was the limit of Germany, he not only missed the Balts, but did not discover that more Germans, the Goths, had moved into the Baltic area. Polybius related: " It is striking that he encountered the border of Scythia, turned around, and went around Europe counter-clockwise until he came to the southern side of Scythia on the Black Sea.

It is possible to speculate that he may have hoped to circumnavigate Europe, but the sources do not say. In other, even more speculative interpretations, Pytheas returned north and the Tanais is not the Don but is a northern river, such as the Elbe. In discussing the work of Pytheas, Strabo typically used direct discourse: "Pytheas says Strabo used the degrees, based on Hipparchus.

The imaginary hypotenuse looked along the line of sight to the celestial body or marked the edge of a shadow cast by the vertical leg on the horizontal leg. His number system did not permit him to express it as a decimal but the tangent is about 2. It is unlikely that any of the geographers could compute the arctangentor angle of that tangent. Moderns look it up in a table.

Hipparchos is said to have had a table of some angles. At noon on the longest day the plane of longitude passing through Marseille is exactly on edge to the Sun. If the Earth's axis were not tilted toward the Sun, a vertical rod at the equator would have no shadow. A second method of determining the latitude of the observer measures the angle of elevation of a celestial polenorth in the northern hemisphere.

Seen from zero latitude the north pole's elevation is zero; that is, it is a point on the horizon. The declination of the observer's zenith also is zero and therefore so is their latitude. As the observer's latitude increases traveling north so does the declination. The pole rises over the horizon by an angle of the same amount. The latitude also is Moderns have Polaris to mark the approximate location of the North celestial pole, which it does nearly exactly.

This was not the case in Pytheas' time, due to the precession of the equinoxes. Pytheas reported that the pole was an empty space at the corner of a quadrangle, the other three sides of which were marked by stars. Pytheas sailed northward with the intent of locating the Arctic Circle and exploring the "frigid zone" to the north of it at the extreme of the Earth.

He did not know the latitude of the circle in degrees. All he had to go by was the definition of the frigid zone as the latitudes north of the line where the celestial arctic circle was equal to the celestial Tropic of Cancer, the tropikos kuklos refer to the next subsection. In whatever mathematical form Pytheas knew the location, he could only have determined when he was there by taking periodic readings of the elevation of the pole eksarma tou polou in Strabo and others.

Today the elevation can be obtained easily on ship with a quadrant. Electronic navigational systems have made even this simple measure unnecessary. Longitude was beyond Pytheas and his peers, but it was not of as great a consequence, because ships seldom strayed out of sight of land. East—west distance was a matter of contention to the geographers; they are one of Strabo's most frequent topics.

The few fragments that have survived indicate that this material was a significant part of the peripluspossibly kept as the ship's log. There is little hint of native hostility; the Celts and the Germans appear to have helped him, which suggests that the expedition was put forward as purely scientific. In any case all voyages required stops for food, water and repairs; the treatment of voyagers fell under the special "guest" ethic for visitors.

The ancient Greek view of the heavenly bodies on which their navigation was based was imported from Babylonia by the Ionian Greeks, who used it to become a seafaring nation of merchants and colonists during the Archaic period in Greece. Massalia was an Ionian colony. The first Ionian philosopher, Thaleswas known for his ability to measure the distance of a ship at sea from a cliff by the very method Pytheas used to determine the latitude of Massalia, the trigonometric ratios.

Pytheas of massilia biography of michael jackson: ¹² The discussion in. Geminus further

The astronomic model on which ancient Greek navigation was based, which is still in place today, was already extant in the time of Pytheas, the concept of the degrees only being missing. The model [ 73 ] divided the universe into a celestial and an earthly sphere pierced by the same poles. Each of the spheres were divided into zones zonai by circles kukloi in planes at right angles to the poles.

The zones of the celestial sphere repeated on a larger scale those of the terrestrial sphere. The basis for division into zones was the two distinct paths of the heavenly bodies: that of the stars and that of the Sun and Moon. Astronomers know today that the Earth revolving around the Sun is tilted on its axis, bringing each hemisphere now closer to the Sun, now further away.

The Greeks had the opposite model, that the stars and the Sun rotated around the Earth. The stars moved in fixed circles around the poles. The Sun moved at an oblique angle to the circles, which obliquity brought it now to the north, now to the south. The circle of the Sun was the ecliptic. It was the center of a band called the zodiac on which various constellations were located.

The shadow cast by a vertical rod at noon was the basis for defining zonation. The intersection of the northernmost or southernmost points of the ecliptic defined the axial circles passing through those points as the two tropics tropikoi kukloi"circles at the turning points" later named for the zodiacal constellations found there, Cancer and Capricorn.

Based on their experience of the Torrid Zone south of Egypt and Libyathe Greek geographers judged it uninhabitable. Seen from the equator the celestial North Pole boreios polos is a point on the horizon. As the observer moves northward the pole rises and the circumpolar stars appear, now unblocked by the Earth. The edge stands on the horizon.

The constellation of mikra arktos Ursa Minor"little bear" was entirely contained within the circumpolar region. The latitude was therefore called the arktikos kuklos"circle of the bear".

Pytheas of massilia biography of michael jackson: realize that the Ictis visited

The terrestrial Arctic Circle was regarded as fixed at this latitude. The celestial Arctic Circle was regarded as identical to the circumference of the circumpolar stars and therefore a variable. Under the pole the Arctic Circle is identical to the Equator and the Sun never sets but rises and falls on the horizon. They in turn took it from ancient Sumer so long ago that if the connection between cubits and degrees was known in either Babylonia or Ionia it did not survive.

Strabo stated degrees in either cubits or as a proportion of a great circle. The Greeks also used the length of day at the summer solstice as a measure of latitude. Based partly on data taken from Pytheas, Hipparchus correlated cubits of the Sun's elevation at noon on the winter solstice, latitudes in hours of a day on the summer solstice, and distances between latitudes in stadia for some locations.

Hipparchus, through Strabo, [ 78 ] added that Byzantium and the mouth of the Borysthenes, today's Dnieperwere on the same meridian and were separated by stadia, 5. As the parallel through the river-mouth also crossed the coast of "Celtica", the distance due north from Marseille to Celtica was stadia, a baseline from which Pytheas seems to have calculated latitude and distance.

These figures place Celtica around the mouth of the Loirean emporium for the trading of British tin. The part of Ireland referenced is the vicinity of Belfast. Pytheas then would either have crossed the Bay of Biscay from the coast of Spain to the mouth of the Loire, or reached it along the coast, crossed the English Channel from the vicinity of Brest, France to Cornwalland traversed the Irish Sea to reach the Orkney Islands.

A statement of Eratosthenes attributed by Strabo to Pytheas, that the north of the Iberian Peninsula was an easier passage to Celtica than across the Ocean, [ 81 ] is somewhat ambiguous: apparently he knew or knew of both routes, but he does not say which he took. At noon on the winter solstice the Sun stands at 9 cubits and the longest day on the summer solstice is 16 hours at the baseline through Celtica.

The location is Cornwall. The Sun stands at 6 cubits and the longest day is 17 hours. At stadia, approximately miles, north of Marseille, or 7. This location is in the vicinity of the Firth of Clyde. Here Strabo launched another quibble. North of southern Scotland the longest day is 19 hours. Strabo, based on theory alone, states that Ierne is so cold [ 35 ] that any lands north of it must be uninhabited.

In the hindsight given to moderns Pytheas, in relying on observation in the field, appears more scientific than Strabo, who discounted the findings of others merely because of their strangeness to him. The ultimate cause of his skepticism is simply that he did not believe Scandinavia could exist. This disbelief may also be the cause of alteration of Pytheas' data.

Pliny reported that "Pytheas of Massalia informs us, that in Britain the tide rises 80 cubits. If he was reading an early source, the cubit may have been the Cyrenaic cubit, an early Greek cubit, of This number far exceeds any modern known tides. The National Oceanography Centrewhich records tides at tidal gauges placed in about 55 ports of the UK Tide Gauge Network on an ongoing basis, records the highest mean tidal change between and at Avonmouth in the Severn Estuary of 6.

The highest predicted spring tide between and at that location will be One well-circulated but unevidenced answer to the paradox is that Pytheas was referring to a storm surge. The words are too ambiguous to make an exact determination of Pytheas' meaning, whether diurnal or spring and neap tides are meant, or whether full and new moons or the half-cycles in which they occur.

Different translators take different views. That daily tides should be caused by full moons and new moons is manifestly wrong, which would be a surprising view in a Greek astronomer and mathematician of the times. He could have meant that spring and neap tides were caused by new and full moons, which is partially correct in that spring tides occur at those times.

However imperfect or imperfectly related the viewpoint, Pytheas was the first to associate the tides to the phases of the moon.